Chapter 3: Hardware (Core 1 – 220-1201)

3.1 PC Hardware Overview

A computer system is made up of internal components (inside the case) and external peripherals (outside devices). Understanding how these interact is essential for troubleshooting and upgrades.

3.2 Motherboards (System Board)

What is a Motherboard?

The main circuit board that connects all components.

Key Components on a Motherboard

CPU Socket

• Holds the processor
• Must match CPU type (Intel vs AMD)

Chipset

• Controls communication between CPU, RAM, and devices
• Determines features and compatibility

 RAM Slots (DIMM Slots)

• Typically 2–4 slots on desktops
• Dual-channel configurations improve performance

Expansion Slots

• PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)
  • x1 → small cards
  • x16 → graphics cards

CMOS Battery

• Maintains BIOS/UEFI settings
• Failure causes time reset

Power Connectors

• 24-pin motherboard power
• 4/8-pin CPU power

Form Factors (MEMORIZE)

3.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU Basics

• “Brain” of the computer
• Executes instructions

CPU Features

Cooling the CPU

• Heat sink
• Fan
• Thermal paste (critical for heat transfer)

3.4 RAM (Memory)

Types of RAM

RAM Characteristics

• Volatile (data lost when power off)
• Measured in GB
• Speed measured in MHz

Form Factors

3.5 Storage Devices

Types of Storage

HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

• Mechanical
• Slower
• Larger capacity

SSD (Solid State Drive)

• No moving parts
• Faster boot times

NVMe SSD

• Uses PCIe
• Fastest storage type

Interfaces

3.6 Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Function:

Converts AC power → DC power for components

Connectors:

• 24-pin motherboard
• 4/8-pin CPU
• SATA power
• PCIe (GPU)

Wattage:

• Must support all components
• High-end GPUs require more power

3.7 Expansion Cards

Common Types

3.8 Input Devices

🖱️ Examples:

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Touchscreen
• Scanner

Types:

• Wired (USB)
• Wireless (Bluetooth)

3.9 Output Devices

Monitors

Types:

• LCD
• LED
• OLED

Display Specs:

Printers

Types:

3.10 Connectors & Cables

Video Connectors

USB Standards

3.11 BIOS / UEFI

BIOS vs UEFI

Functions:

• Boot order
• Hardware configuration
• System diagnostics

3.12 Hardware Installation

General Steps:

1. Power off system
2. Unplug power
3. Use ESD protection
4. Install component
5. Reconnect and test

Safety:

• Avoid static electricity
• Handle components by edges

3.13 Hardware Troubleshooting

Common Issues

No Power

Causes:

• PSU failure
• Loose cables

No Display

Causes:

• GPU issue
• Monitor cable

Beep Codes

• Indicate hardware errors
• Vary by manufacturer

Overheating

Causes:

• Dust buildup
• Fan failure

Slow Performance

Causes:

• Low RAM
• HDD bottleneck

3.14 Preventive Maintenance

Cleaning:

• Remove dust regularly
• Clean fans and vents

 Updates:

• BIOS updates
• Driver updates

Safety:

• Surge protectors
• Proper shutdowns

3.15 Exam Tips (CRITICAL)

✔ Know component functions
✔ Understand SSD vs HDD vs NVMe
✔ Memorize connectors and ports
✔ Practice troubleshooting scenarios
✔ Understand BIOS/UEFI differences

Quick Knowledge Check

1. What is the fastest storage type?
   A. HDD
   B. SATA SSD
   C. NVMe
   D. USB
2. What connects all components?
   A. CPU
   B. Motherboard
   C. RAM
   D. PSU
3. Which RAM type is used in laptops?
   A. DIMM
   B. SODIMM
   C. VRAM
   D. Cache
4. What does PSU do?
   A. Stores data
   B. Processes data
   C. Converts power
   D. Displays output
5. What improves CPU cooling?
   A. More RAM
   B. Thermal paste
   C. SSD
   D. GPU

Answers: 1-C, 2-B, 3-B, 4-C, 5-B